Release/Format: Difference between revisions
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This field describes which medium a [[Release|release]] is distributed on. Normally a release will be distributed on multiple media with different [[Release Catalog Number|catalog numbers]] and [[Barcode|barcodes]]; each should be a separate [[Release|release]]. |
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{{DocumentationHeader|Release|Terminology}} |
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The values may be: |
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==Description== |
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{| class="sortable" border="1" |
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This field describes which medium a [[Release]] is distributed on. Normally a release will be distributed on multiple media with different [[Release Catalog Number|ReleaseCatalogNumber]]<code><nowiki></nowiki></code>s and [[Barcode|BarCode]]<code><nowiki></nowiki></code>s; each should have a separate release event. |
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The values may be: |
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* '''CD''' |
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* '''DVD''' |
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* '''SACD''' |
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* '''DualDisc''' |
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* '''LaserDisc''' |
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* '''MiniDisc''' |
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* '''Vinyl''' |
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* '''Cassette''' |
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* '''Cartridge (4/8-tracks)''' |
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* '''Reel-to-reel''' |
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* '''DAT''' |
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* '''Digital Media''' |
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* '''Other''' |
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==Exhaustive list== |
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Here's an attempt at listing some/most/all (?) known/existing audio physical support, and how we map them to our own list: |
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===Purely audio physical supports=== |
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{| border="1" |
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!colspan="3"|Name || Date of creation || Rarity* || Details |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Compact_Disc|Compact Disc]] || 1982 || Widespread || PCM, Available in 120mm and 80mm formats. |
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| [[WikiPedia:Phonograph_cylinder|Phonograph cylinder]] || 1877 || Very rare || Mechanical analog; "hill-and-dale" grooves, vertical stylus motion || [[Image:CylinderRecordsWPackage.jpg]] || Wax Cylinder |
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|- |
|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Copy_Control|Copy Control CD]] || 2001 || Common? || Copy Control CDs went out of favor by the end of 2006 |
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| [[WikiPedia:Piano_roll|Piano roll]] || 1883 || Very rare || Mechanical digital || [[Image:WelteHandnuancierung.jpg]]/180px-[[Welte Handnuancierung|WelteHandnuancierung]].jpg || Piano Roll |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| Data CD || || || |
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| [[WikiPedia:Gramophone_record|Gramophone record]] || 1895 || Common || Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion. The terms LP record (LP, 33, or 33-1/3 rpm record), EP, 16-2/3 rpm record (16), 45 rpm record (45), and 78 rpm record (78) refers to specific types of gramophone records || [[Image:Vynil_record.jpg]]/300px-Vynil_record.jpg || Vinyl |
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|- |
|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:DTS-CD|DTS CD]] || 1992 || Very Rare || a.k.a. 5.1 Music Disc — DTS Audio |
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| [[WikiPedia:Wire_recording|Wire recording]] || 1898 || Rare || Analog; magnetization; no "bias" || [[Image:Peirce_wire_recorder.jpg]]/250px-Peirce_wire_recorder.jpg || Other |
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|- |
|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Blue Book (CD standard)|Enhanced CD]] || 1995 || Common? Rare? || a.k.a E-CD, CD-Extra, CD-Plus & CD+ -- combines music and data tracks |
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| [[WikiPedia:Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording|Reel-to-Reel]] || 1930s || Rare || Analog; magnetization; "bias" dramatically increases linearity/fidelity || [[Image:Reel-to-reel_recorder_tc-630.jpg]]/300px-Reel-to-reel_recorder_tc-630.jpg || Reel-to-reel |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:High Definition Compatible Digital|HDCD]] || 1995 || Rare? || High Definition Compatible Digital. Enhanced sound recording compatible with the standard Audio CD. In 2000 there were over 4000 releases available, in 2008 there were about 4000 releases. [http://www.goodwinshighend.com/hdcd.htm] |
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| [[WikiPedia:Gramophone_record|Vinyl record]] / Quad Vinyl || 1948/1957/1971 || Common || Is a simple evolution of gramophone record: Analog, with preemphasis and other equalization techniques (LP, RIAA). Lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion. Monaural were created in 1948, then stereo vinyl came later in 1957 and Quad in 1971: analog, with preemphasis and other equalization techniques. Combination lateral/vertical stylus motion with each channel encoded 45 degrees to the vertical. || [[Image:Vynil_record.jpg]]/300px-Vynil_record.jpg || Vinyl |
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|- |
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| [[WikiPedia:4-track_cartridge|4 tracks cartridge]] / [[WikiPedia:8-track_cartridge|8 tracks cartridge]] / Quad 8 tracks || 1962/1965/1970 || Rare? || Analog, 1/4 inch wide tape, 3 3/4 inches/sec, endless loop cartridge. Quad: 4 Channel Stereo. || 270px-Sexpistols8track || 4 Tracks/8 Tracks/Quad 8 |
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| colspan="2" |[[wikipedia:Mixed_Mode_CD|Mixed Mode CD]] |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:CD-R|CD-R]] || 1995 || Common? || Record-able CD |
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| [[WikiPedia:Compact_Cassette|Compact cassette]] || 1963 || (still) common? || Analog, with bias, preemphasis, 1/8 inch wide tape, 17/8 inches/sec. 1970: introduced Dolby noise reduction. || [[Image:Tdkc60cassette.jpg]] || Audio cassette |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| 8cm CD || 1987 || || |
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| [[WikiPedia:Microcassette|Microcassette]] [[WikiPedia:Minicassette|Minicassette]] || 1969 || Rare || Analog, 1/8 inch wide tape, mostly mono, some stereo. 2.4 cm/s or 1.2 cm/s. || [[Image:CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg]]/250px-[[Cassette And Microcassette|CassetteAndMicrocassette]].jpg || Audio cassette |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Blu-spec CD|Blu-spec CD]] || 2008 || Common || PCM |
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| [[WikiPedia:Multitrack_recording|4 tracks/8 tracks/multitracks recording]] || ? || Very rare? || This is not in itself a physical format (may be performed on a variety of equipments, from tape based equipment to digital equipment and hard disks). Likely to be only available in studios, as professional equipments. || [[Image:Tascam-16Track.jpg]]/300px-Tascam-16Track.jpg || Other |
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|- |
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| [[WikiPedia:Elcaset|Elcaset]] || 1976 || Rare || A short lived cassette format. || [[Image:Elcaset.jpg]]/350px-Elcaset.jpg || Audio cassette |
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| colspan="2" |Minimax CD |
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| ||colspan="2"|[http://shm-cd.jp SHM-CD] || 2007 || Common || ([http://shm-cd.co-site.jp/about/ English]) (Super High Material CD) PCM. The first re-issues on SHM-CD were released 21 November 2007 |
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| [[WikiPedia:Compact_Disc|Compact Disc]] || 1982 || Widely spread || PCM, Avaialble in 120mm and 80mm formats. || 200px-Typical_Compact_Discsvg || CD |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| HQCD || 2008 || || |
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| [[WikiPedia:Digital_Audio_Tape|DAT]] || 1987 || Rare || || [[Image:Dat_cartridge.jpg]]/250px-Dat_cartridge.jpg || DAT |
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|- |
|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:CD+G|CD+G]] || 1985 || Rare || Audio CD with Graphics, usually used for karaoke |
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| [[WikiPedia:MiniDisc|Mini Disc]] || 1991 || Common || ATRAC || [[Image:Minidisc_Sony_MZ1.jpg]]/250px-Minidisc_Sony_MZ1.jpg || Minidisc |
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|- |
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|colspan="2"| || 8cm CD+G || || || |
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| [[WikiPedia:Digital_Compact_Cassette|Digital Compact Cassette]] || 1992 || Very rare || || [[Image:DQ_Mag_DCC_IV.jpg]]/350px-DQ_Mag_DCC_IV.jpg || Other? DAT? |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Gramophone_record|Vinyl]] || 1948/1957/1971 || Common || Vinyl / Quad Vinyl. A simple evolution of gramophone record: Analog, with pre-emphasis and other equalization techniques (LP, RIAA). Lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion. Monaural were created in 1948, then stereo vinyl came later in 1957 and Quad in 1971: analog, with pre-emphasis and other equalization techniques. Combination lateral/vertical stylus motion with each channel encoded 45 degrees to the vertical. |
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| [[WikiPedia:DTS-CD|DTS-CD a.k.a. 5.1 Music Disc]] || 1992 || Very rare || DTS Audio || || CD |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| 7" Vinyl || || Common || 17 cm |
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| [[WikiPedia:DVD-Audio|DVD-Audio]] || 1999 || Rare? Common? || || || DVD |
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|- |
|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| 10" Vinyl || || || 25 cm |
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| [[WikiPedia:Super_Audio_CD|SACD]] || 1999 || Rare? Common? || || [[Image:CD_autolev_crop.jpg]]/200px-CD_autolev_crop.jpg || SACD |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| 12" Vinyl || || Common || 30 cm |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Flexi disc|Flexi-disc]] || 1962 || Common? || Phonosheet, Sonosheet, Soundsheet |
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|- |
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|colspan="2"| || 7" Flexi-disc || || Common? || 17 cm |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| Digital Media || || Widespread || All born-digital releases, in any file format |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Compact Cassette|Cassette]] || 1963 || Common? || Analog, with bias, preemphasis, 1/8 inch wide tape, 17/8 inches/sec. 1970: introduced Dolby noise reduction. |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Microcassette|Microcassette]] || 1969 || Rare || Analog, 1/8 inch wide tape, mostly mono, some stereo. 2.4 cm/s or 1.2 cm/s. |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:DVD|DVD]] || || || |
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|- |
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| || colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:DVD-Audio|DVD-Audio]] || 1999 || Rare? Common? || DVD-Audio products were delayed until mid 2000 |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:DVD-Video|DVD-Video]] || 1996 || Widespread || First available in Japan by November, on March 1997 in US and later established in Europe by 1998 |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Super_Audio_CD|SACD]] || 1999 || Rare || Super Audio CD. Intended as successor to CD; generally regarded as a failure except by audiophiles. |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Hybrid SACD|Hybrid SACD]] || || Rare || SACD which also contains audio playable in normal CD players |
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|colspan="2"| || Hybrid SACD (CD layer) || || || |
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|- |
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|colspan="2"| || Hybrid SACD (SACD layer) || || || |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| SHM-SACD || 2010 || Rare || SACD manufactured using the SHM manufacturing process. First CDs were released 23 June 2010 |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:DualDisc|DualDisc]] || 2003 || Common? || An audio cd on one side (though not redbook), and a dvd on the other side |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| DualDisc (CD side) || || || |
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| ||colspan="2"| DualDisc (DVD-Video side) || || || |
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| ||colspan="2"| DualDisc (DVD-Audio side) || || || |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:MiniDisc|MiniDisc]] || 1991 || Common || ATRAC |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Blu-Ray|Blu-ray]] || 2006 || Common || |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Blu-ray_Disc_recordable|Blu-ray-R]] || || || |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:HD-DVD|HD-DVD]] || 2005 || Rare? || Abandoned by 2008. Last [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVD#End_of_releases known release(s)] were in 2010 although in HD-DVD-R format |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Video CD|VCD]] || 1993 || Rare || Video CD. Digital format, precursor to DVD |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Super Video CD|SVCD]] || 2000 || Rare? Common? || Super Video CD. Chinese-developed alternative to DVD-Video; intended as successor to VCD; didn't succeed. |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:CD Video|CDV]] || 1987 || Rare || CD Video. Mixed analog/digital video/audio format; began to disappear by 1991 |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Universal Media Disc|UMD]] || 2004 || Rare || Universal Media Disk. a proprietary format used only by the PlayStation Portable; some movies were released on it |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| Shellac || 1921 || Common? || Phonogram record made with shellac instead of vinyl |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| 7" Shellac || || || 17 cm |
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| ||colspan="2"| 10" Shellac || || || 25 cm |
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| ||colspan="2"| 12" Shellac || || || 30 cm |
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|- |
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|colspan="3"| Acetate || || Rare? || Phonogram record made with acetate instead of vinyl |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| 7" Acetate || || || 17 cm |
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| ||colspan="2"| 10" Acetate || || || 25 cm |
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| ||colspan="2"| 12" Acetate || || || 30 cm |
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|colspan="3"| [[Wikipedia:Secure_Digital|SD card]] || ? || ? || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:slotMusic|slotMusic]] || 2008 || Common? || A type of microSD memory card developed by SanDisk preloaded with music in DRM-free MP3 format and other content. The current selection of songs comes from EMI Music, Sony BMG, Universal Music Group, and Warner Music Group. |
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|colspan="3"| Other || || Rare || Use for formats not otherwise listed |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Betamax|Betamax]] || 1975 || Common? || 'Dolby Stereo' cinema surround sound. |
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| ||colspan="2"| Cartridge || 1962 || Rare? || [[Wikipedia:4-track_cartridge|4 track]] (in 1962) / [[Wikipedia:8-track_cartridge|8 track]] (in 1965) / Quad 8 track (in 1970) -- Analog, 1/4 inch wide tape, 3 3/4 inches/sec, endless loop cartridge. Quad: 4 Channel Stereo. |
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|- |
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|colspan="2"| || [[Wikipedia:HiPac|HiPac]] || 1971 || || Successor of PlayTape. Introduced August 1971 in Japan only. Discontinued 1973. |
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|- |
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|colspan="2"| || [[Wikipedia:PlayTape|PlayTape]] || 1966 || || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Capacitance Electronic Disc|CED]] || 1981 || Very Rare || Capacitance Electronic Disc |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Digital Audio Tape|DAT]] || 1987 || Rare || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Digital Compact Cassette|DCC]] || 1992 || Very Rare || Digital Compact Cassette |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:DVDplus|DVDplus]] || 1999|| Rare || |
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|colspan="2"| || DVDplus (CD side) || || || |
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|colspan="2"| || DVDplus (DVD-Video side) || || || |
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|colspan="2"| || DVDplus (DVD-Audio side) || || || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Edison Disc Record|Edison Diamond Disc]] || 1912 || Rare || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Floppy disk|Floppy Disk]] || 1971 || Rare? || |
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|colspan="2"| || 3.5" Floppy Disk || 1981 || || double-sided, high-density (HD) "1.44 MB" disks became available 1986 |
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|colspan="2"| || 5.25" Floppy Disk || 1976 || || |
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|colspan="2"| || [[wikipedia:Zip_drive|Zip Disk]] || 1994|| || Fell out of favor during the early 2000s |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Laserdisc|LaserDisc]] || 1978 || Rare? || |
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| || || 8" LaserDisc || || || |
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|colspan="2"| || 12" LaserDisc || || || |
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| ||colspan="2"| Music Card || || Common? || Card with a digital download code printed on it |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Pathé Records|Pathé disc]] || 1905 || Rare || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Piano roll|Piano roll]] || 1883 || Very Rare || Mechanical digital |
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| ||colspan="2"| Playbutton || 2011 || Rare? || Badge with a pin for attaching to clothes officially launched February 2011. Has buttons to control playback (no shuffle though), volume and choosing from 7 preset equalizers. A headphone jack is used for listening and charging the lithium-ion battery. Music is stored in WAV or Ogg Vorbis format on 256MB flash memory disallowing modification or transferring to other media. |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|Reel-to-reel]] || 1930s || Rare || Analog; magnetization; "bias" dramatically increases linearity/fidelity |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Tefifon|Tefifon]] || 1936|| Rare || Primarily used in Germany in the 1950s. Marketed for a very short time by Western Electric in the US under the name "Westrex". Production discontinued in 1965. |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:USB_flash_drive#Music_storage_and_marketing|USB Flash Drive]] || 2004 || Common? || 2004 was earliest use as a music format |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Video High Density|VHD]] || 1983 || Rare || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:VHS|VHS]] || 197X || Common || |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:VinylDisc|VinylDisc]] || 2007 || Rare? || It is made from two fused layers; the silver layer contains the digital information (either in CD or DVD format) and the upper layer has a record groove, meaning it can be played on any record-player. |
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|- |
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| ||colspan="2"| [[Wikipedia:Phonograph_cylinder|Wax Cylinder]] || 1877 || Very Rare || Mechanical analog; "hill-and-dale" grooves, vertical stylus motion |
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|} |
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(*) Rarity is just a rough indication of availability as consumer products - values are: "Very Rare", "Rare", "Common" and "Widespread". |
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===Video and mixed physical supports=== |
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====Other items from the list I'm not sure how to fit in==== |
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{| border="1" |
{| border="1" |
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| Name || Date of creation || Rarity || Details || Map to |
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| [[Wikipedia:Wire_recording|Wire recording]] || 1898 || Rare || Analog; magnetization; no "bias" || Other |
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| [[WikiPedia:Betamax|Betamax]] || 1975 || Common? || 'Dolby Stereo' cinema surround sound. || [[Image:Beta_Max_Tape.jpg]]/180px-Beta_Max_Tape.jpg || Other |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Wikipedia:Multitrack_recording|4 tracks/8 tracks/multitracks recording]] || ? || Very Rare? || This is not in itself a physical format (may be performed on a variety of equipments, from tape based equipment to digital equipment and hard disks). Likely to be only available in studios, as professional equipments. || Other |
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| [[WikiPedia:Laserdisc|Laserdisc]] || 1978 || Rare? || || [[Image:LDDVDComparison.jpg]]/250px-LDDVDComparison.jpg || Laserdisc |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Wikipedia:Elcaset|Elcaset]] || 1976 || Rare || A short lived cassette format. || Cassette |
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| [[WikiPedia:DVD|DVD]] || 1997 || Widely spread || || [[Image:DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg]]/200px-DVD-R_bottom-side.jpg || DVD |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Wikipedia:Gramophone_record|Gramophone record]] || 1895 || Common || Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion. The terms LP record (LP, 33, or 33-1/3 rpm record), EP, 16-2/3 rpm record (16), 45 rpm record (45), and 78 rpm record (78) refers to specific types of gramophone records || Vinyl |
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| [[WikiPedia:DualDisc|DualDisc]] || 2003 || Common? || An audio cd on one side (though not redbook), and a dvd on the other side || || Dualdisc |
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|- |
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| [[WikiPedia:HD-DVD|HD-DVD]] || 2005 || Rare? || || || ? |
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|- |
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| [[WikiPedia:Blu-Ray|Blu-Ray]] || 2006 || Rare? || || || ? |
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|- |
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| [[[Image:dvd_vinyl_gr1.jpg]] || Other? Dualdisc? |
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|} |
|} |
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===Partial list of digital audio formats=== |
===Partial list of digital audio formats=== |
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* 1985 |
* 1985 [[Wikipedia:Aiff|Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF)]] |
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* 1985 |
* 1985 Sound Designer (by [[wikipedia:Avid Audio|Digidesign]]) |
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* 1992 |
* 1992 [[Wikipedia:Wav|WAVEform (WAV)]] |
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* 1992 |
* 1992 [[Wikipedia:Dolby_Digital|Dolby Digital surround cinema sound (AC-3)]] |
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* 1992 |
* 1992 [[Wikipedia:ATRAC|Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC)]] |
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* 1993 [[Wikipedia:MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II|MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2)]] |
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* 1993 [[WikiPedia:Digital_Theater_System|Digital Theatre System (DTS)]] |
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* 1993 [[Wikipedia:Digital_Theater_System|Digital Theatre System (DTS)]] |
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* 1993 [[WikiPedia:SDDS|Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS)]] |
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* 1993 [[Wikipedia:SDDS|Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS)]] |
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* 1995 [[WikiPedia:Mp3|MP3]] |
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* 1995 [[Wikipedia:Mp3|MP3]] |
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* 1999 [[WikiPedia:Wma|Windows Media Audio (WMA)]] |
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* 1999 |
* 1999 [[Wikipedia:Wma|Windows Media Audio (WMA)]] |
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* |
* 1999 [[Wikipedia:TTA_%28codec%29|The True Audio Lossless Codec (TTA)]] |
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* 2000 [[Wikipedia:Flac|Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC)]] |
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* 2001 [[WikiPedia:Advanced_Audio_Coding|Advanced audio coding (AAC)]] |
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* 2001 [[Wikipedia:Advanced_Audio_Coding|Advanced audio coding (AAC)]] |
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* 2002 [[WikiPedia:Ogg|Ogg]] [[WikiPedia:Vorbis|Vorbis]] |
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* 2002 [[Wikipedia:Ogg|Ogg]] [[Wikipedia:Vorbis|Vorbis]] |
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* 2004 [[WikiPedia:Apple_Lossless|Apple Lossless (ALE or ALAC)]] |
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* 2004 [[Wikipedia:Apple_Lossless|Apple Lossless (ALE or ALAC)]] |
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* 2012 [[Wikipedia:Opus_(audio_format)|Opus]] |
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(*) Rarity is just a rough indication of availability as consumer products - values are: "Very Rare", "Rare", "Common", "Widely spread" |
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==More information== |
==More information== |
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* The original ticket that led to our implementation is [ |
* The original ticket that led to our implementation is [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214201239/http://bugs.musicbrainz.org/ticket/2565 2565] |
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* Mailing list discussion is [http://lists.musicbrainz.org/pipermail/musicbrainz-style/2007-March/004572.html here] |
* Mailing list discussion is [http://lists.musicbrainz.org/pipermail/musicbrainz-style/2007-March/004572.html here] |
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* Wikipedia has a list of [[ |
* Wikipedia has a list of [[Wikipedia:Audio_format|Audio Formats]] |
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* https://musicbrainz.org/statistics/formats -- How many of each format are used, with links to lists of them. |
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* Discogs has its own list in their [http://help.discogs.com/wiki/SubmissionGuidelinesFormat Submission Guidelines] |
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----{{DocumentationFooter|1.0|voiceinsideyou}} |
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[[Category:To Be Reviewed]] [[Category:Release]] [[Category:Terminology]] |
[[Category:To Be Reviewed]] [[Category:Release]] [[Category:Terminology]] |
Latest revision as of 12:49, 24 January 2024
This field describes which medium a release is distributed on. Normally a release will be distributed on multiple media with different catalog numbers and barcodes; each should be a separate release.
The values may be:
Name | Date of creation | Rarity* | Details | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compact Disc | 1982 | Widespread | PCM, Available in 120mm and 80mm formats. | ||
Copy Control CD | 2001 | Common? | Copy Control CDs went out of favor by the end of 2006 | ||
Data CD | |||||
DTS CD | 1992 | Very Rare | a.k.a. 5.1 Music Disc — DTS Audio | ||
Enhanced CD | 1995 | Common? Rare? | a.k.a E-CD, CD-Extra, CD-Plus & CD+ -- combines music and data tracks | ||
HDCD | 1995 | Rare? | High Definition Compatible Digital. Enhanced sound recording compatible with the standard Audio CD. In 2000 there were over 4000 releases available, in 2008 there were about 4000 releases. [1] | ||
Mixed Mode CD | |||||
CD-R | 1995 | Common? | Record-able CD | ||
8cm CD | 1987 | ||||
Blu-spec CD | 2008 | Common | PCM | ||
Minimax CD | |||||
SHM-CD | 2007 | Common | (English) (Super High Material CD) PCM. The first re-issues on SHM-CD were released 21 November 2007 | ||
HQCD | 2008 | ||||
CD+G | 1985 | Rare | Audio CD with Graphics, usually used for karaoke | ||
8cm CD+G | |||||
Vinyl | 1948/1957/1971 | Common | Vinyl / Quad Vinyl. A simple evolution of gramophone record: Analog, with pre-emphasis and other equalization techniques (LP, RIAA). Lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion. Monaural were created in 1948, then stereo vinyl came later in 1957 and Quad in 1971: analog, with pre-emphasis and other equalization techniques. Combination lateral/vertical stylus motion with each channel encoded 45 degrees to the vertical. | ||
7" Vinyl | Common | 17 cm | |||
10" Vinyl | 25 cm | ||||
12" Vinyl | Common | 30 cm | |||
Flexi-disc | 1962 | Common? | Phonosheet, Sonosheet, Soundsheet | ||
7" Flexi-disc | Common? | 17 cm | |||
Digital Media | Widespread | All born-digital releases, in any file format | |||
Cassette | 1963 | Common? | Analog, with bias, preemphasis, 1/8 inch wide tape, 17/8 inches/sec. 1970: introduced Dolby noise reduction. | ||
Microcassette | 1969 | Rare | Analog, 1/8 inch wide tape, mostly mono, some stereo. 2.4 cm/s or 1.2 cm/s. | ||
DVD | |||||
DVD-Audio | 1999 | Rare? Common? | DVD-Audio products were delayed until mid 2000 | ||
DVD-Video | 1996 | Widespread | First available in Japan by November, on March 1997 in US and later established in Europe by 1998 | ||
SACD | 1999 | Rare | Super Audio CD. Intended as successor to CD; generally regarded as a failure except by audiophiles. | ||
Hybrid SACD | Rare | SACD which also contains audio playable in normal CD players | |||
Hybrid SACD (CD layer) | |||||
Hybrid SACD (SACD layer) | |||||
SHM-SACD | 2010 | Rare | SACD manufactured using the SHM manufacturing process. First CDs were released 23 June 2010 | ||
DualDisc | 2003 | Common? | An audio cd on one side (though not redbook), and a dvd on the other side | ||
DualDisc (CD side) | |||||
DualDisc (DVD-Video side) | |||||
DualDisc (DVD-Audio side) | |||||
MiniDisc | 1991 | Common | ATRAC | ||
Blu-ray | 2006 | Common | |||
Blu-ray-R | |||||
HD-DVD | 2005 | Rare? | Abandoned by 2008. Last known release(s) were in 2010 although in HD-DVD-R format | ||
VCD | 1993 | Rare | Video CD. Digital format, precursor to DVD | ||
SVCD | 2000 | Rare? Common? | Super Video CD. Chinese-developed alternative to DVD-Video; intended as successor to VCD; didn't succeed. | ||
CDV | 1987 | Rare | CD Video. Mixed analog/digital video/audio format; began to disappear by 1991 | ||
UMD | 2004 | Rare | Universal Media Disk. a proprietary format used only by the PlayStation Portable; some movies were released on it | ||
Shellac | 1921 | Common? | Phonogram record made with shellac instead of vinyl | ||
7" Shellac | 17 cm | ||||
10" Shellac | 25 cm | ||||
12" Shellac | 30 cm | ||||
Acetate | Rare? | Phonogram record made with acetate instead of vinyl | |||
7" Acetate | 17 cm | ||||
10" Acetate | 25 cm | ||||
12" Acetate | 30 cm | ||||
SD card | ? | ? | |||
slotMusic | 2008 | Common? | A type of microSD memory card developed by SanDisk preloaded with music in DRM-free MP3 format and other content. The current selection of songs comes from EMI Music, Sony BMG, Universal Music Group, and Warner Music Group. | ||
Other | Rare | Use for formats not otherwise listed | |||
Betamax | 1975 | Common? | 'Dolby Stereo' cinema surround sound. | ||
Cartridge | 1962 | Rare? | 4 track (in 1962) / 8 track (in 1965) / Quad 8 track (in 1970) -- Analog, 1/4 inch wide tape, 3 3/4 inches/sec, endless loop cartridge. Quad: 4 Channel Stereo. | ||
HiPac | 1971 | Successor of PlayTape. Introduced August 1971 in Japan only. Discontinued 1973. | |||
PlayTape | 1966 | ||||
CED | 1981 | Very Rare | Capacitance Electronic Disc | ||
DAT | 1987 | Rare | |||
DCC | 1992 | Very Rare | Digital Compact Cassette | ||
DVDplus | 1999 | Rare | |||
DVDplus (CD side) | |||||
DVDplus (DVD-Video side) | |||||
DVDplus (DVD-Audio side) | |||||
Edison Diamond Disc | 1912 | Rare | |||
Floppy Disk | 1971 | Rare? | |||
3.5" Floppy Disk | 1981 | double-sided, high-density (HD) "1.44 MB" disks became available 1986 | |||
5.25" Floppy Disk | 1976 | ||||
Zip Disk | 1994 | Fell out of favor during the early 2000s | |||
LaserDisc | 1978 | Rare? | |||
8" LaserDisc | |||||
12" LaserDisc | |||||
Music Card | Common? | Card with a digital download code printed on it | |||
Pathé disc | 1905 | Rare | |||
Piano roll | 1883 | Very Rare | Mechanical digital | ||
Playbutton | 2011 | Rare? | Badge with a pin for attaching to clothes officially launched February 2011. Has buttons to control playback (no shuffle though), volume and choosing from 7 preset equalizers. A headphone jack is used for listening and charging the lithium-ion battery. Music is stored in WAV or Ogg Vorbis format on 256MB flash memory disallowing modification or transferring to other media. | ||
Reel-to-reel | 1930s | Rare | Analog; magnetization; "bias" dramatically increases linearity/fidelity | ||
Tefifon | 1936 | Rare | Primarily used in Germany in the 1950s. Marketed for a very short time by Western Electric in the US under the name "Westrex". Production discontinued in 1965. | ||
USB Flash Drive | 2004 | Common? | 2004 was earliest use as a music format | ||
VHD | 1983 | Rare | |||
VHS | 197X | Common | |||
VinylDisc | 2007 | Rare? | It is made from two fused layers; the silver layer contains the digital information (either in CD or DVD format) and the upper layer has a record groove, meaning it can be played on any record-player. | ||
Wax Cylinder | 1877 | Very Rare | Mechanical analog; "hill-and-dale" grooves, vertical stylus motion |
(*) Rarity is just a rough indication of availability as consumer products - values are: "Very Rare", "Rare", "Common" and "Widespread".
Other items from the list I'm not sure how to fit in
Name | Date of creation | Rarity | Details | Map to |
Wire recording | 1898 | Rare | Analog; magnetization; no "bias" | Other |
4 tracks/8 tracks/multitracks recording | ? | Very Rare? | This is not in itself a physical format (may be performed on a variety of equipments, from tape based equipment to digital equipment and hard disks). Likely to be only available in studios, as professional equipments. | Other |
Elcaset | 1976 | Rare | A short lived cassette format. | Cassette |
Gramophone record | 1895 | Common | Mechanical analog; lateral grooves, horizontal stylus motion. The terms LP record (LP, 33, or 33-1/3 rpm record), EP, 16-2/3 rpm record (16), 45 rpm record (45), and 78 rpm record (78) refers to specific types of gramophone records | Vinyl |
Partial list of digital audio formats
- 1985 Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF)
- 1985 Sound Designer (by Digidesign)
- 1992 WAVEform (WAV)
- 1992 Dolby Digital surround cinema sound (AC-3)
- 1992 Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC)
- 1993 MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2)
- 1993 Digital Theatre System (DTS)
- 1993 Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS)
- 1995 MP3
- 1999 Windows Media Audio (WMA)
- 1999 The True Audio Lossless Codec (TTA)
- 2000 Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC)
- 2001 Advanced audio coding (AAC)
- 2002 Ogg Vorbis
- 2004 Apple Lossless (ALE or ALAC)
- 2012 Opus
More information
- The original ticket that led to our implementation is 2565
- Mailing list discussion is here
- Wikipedia has a list of Audio Formats
- https://musicbrainz.org/statistics/formats -- How many of each format are used, with links to lists of them.