User:BrianFreud/sandbox

DO NOT USE THIS. DO NOT USE THIS. DO NOT USE THIS.

THIS IS TOTALLY UNOFFICIAL. THIS IS NOT THE CLASSICAL STYLE GUIDELINES PAGE.

You want this page instead: ClassicalStyleGuide

The Classical Style Guidelines

Introduction to CSG

1. What is CSG?
2. What is CSG not?
3. Is there one particular CSG?
4. In what circumstances ought CSG to not be used?
5. The History of CSG

The Guidelines

1. Who is considered a “classical” composer?
2. What constitutes a distinct classical release?
   1. What about box sets?

1. Who is the artist for a classical work?
2. How to title a classical release?
3. What is the structure for a CSG titles?
   1. The Work and Opus Framework
      1. Special Case: Numbered Works
      2. Special Case: Named Works
      3. Special Case: Variations of Other Works
      4. Special Case: Works Using Modulating Keys, Modes, or Scales
      5. Special Case: Works Using Non-Standard or Non-European Keys, Modes, or Scales

1. 1. The Movement Framework
      1. Work Position
      2. Movement Container
      3. Dramatic Position
      4. Form and Tempo
      5. Vocalization
      6. Common Identification
      7. Role Identification
      8. Special Case: Insert Arias and Other Separately Catalogued Works

1. 1. The Ornamentation Framework
   2. Special CSG frameworks for...
      1. Da capos and Dal segnos
      2. Opera
         1. Special Case: Ballet Music

1. 1. 1. Variations within Movements
      2. Work Condition or Version Information

1. 1. Punctuation Within CSG Titles
   2. Applying CSG Titles to Tracks
      1. Special Case: Ornamentation

1. The Release Language for a Classical Release
2. Advanced Relationships (ARs) for a Classical Release
   1. At the release level or at the track level?

Resources

1. Keys and scales in commonly used languages
2. Roman numerals from 0 to 125
3. Vocal classifications

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Introduction to CSG

What is CSG?

The "Classical Style Guidelines" (CSG) describe a structural framework which allows us to order the disparate data relating to a classical work into a structure which is consistent, logical, and comprehensible. Classical works are performed by many groups world-wide, yet often these works have no definitive title. CSG is intended to allow releases containing these works to be stored within the database and named in a clear and consistent manner.

What is CSG not?

• CSG is not intended to provide titles where they already exist.
  • If a classical composer has already provided distinct titles for some or all of his works (e.g.: Steve Reich, Jóhann Jóhannsson, Benjamin Britten), ArtistIntent always is superior to the guidelines of CSG.

• CSG is not intended to cause track titles to lose their meaning where forcing any particular language into the CSG structure would cause track titles in that language to lose comprehension.
• CSG is not intended to create a title where changing a particular title used on a release would cause us to lose contextual meaning (example).

Is there one particular CSG?

CSG is a framework, but no one language is required by it; listings can use German CSG, French CSG, English CSG, etc.

Where a standardized works list for a given composer is not yet complete, any language may be used to enter releases for that composer, so long as the CSG framework is used.

However, standardized works lists for classical composers are in development. Where a standardized works list has been completed, we ask that you use the appropriate titles from these lists, without translation or alteration, other than that described within How should these titles be applied to tracks?

Who is considered a “classical” composer?

'Classical music' is a broad term that encompasses a broad period from roughly the 9th century through to the present day. Depending upon the particular culture, classical music can be ecclesiastical, instrumental, orchestral — even electronic. To then attempt to define just what classical music is, or to define a 'classical composer', would invariably include artists who ought to be excluded, and exclude artists who ought to be included.

For our purposes, however, one possible way to determine the answer for a given composition or composer is to question which artist is the principal artist for a work. People listen to The Rolling Stones without much care for who composed the songs. With classical music, though Glenn Gould or Hilary Hahn certainly is important to the performance of the work, the composer of the music being performed is of at least co-equal importance, such that the composer, and not the performer, is the principal artist. Though no list of all classical composers could ever be considered to be complete, we do maintain an incomplete list of classical composers.

Given the breadth of composers and compositions contained within the sphere of classical music, no one guideline can be said to apply equally to all works. It is quite possible that CSG 'composer as artist' style might apply, while CSG release titling or work titling guidelines do not. This is most frequently true of modern / experimental classical composers such as Steve Reich and John Cage, soundtrack and score composers such as Michael Nyman, Ennio Morricone, and John Williams, and composers of music for professional use such as Jeffrey Fayman and Yoav Goren. However, just because all aspects of CSG may not always apply to works for any given composer, there will always be those exceptions where even works by these composers are subject to all aspects of CSG.

In what circumstances ought CSG to not be used?

If a work already has been given a specific title by the composer, such as "Part 1: IBM 1401 Processing Unit", ArtistIntent is the superior guideline, and thus, the track would not be retitled using CSG. This applies even if the worktitle provided by the composer seems generic, such as "Music for 18 Musicians: Section XI", so long as it truly is an ArtistIntent worktitle, and not simply a description of the type of work ("symphony") — see ArtistIntentVsFacts for more discussion on this subject. CSG is intended to provide a framework for titling classical works which lack clearly defined titles; it is not intended to be used as a reason to retitle a work which already has a functional title. Note that there are, of course, those few composers who are considered so inherently "classical" (J.S. Bach, W.A. Mozart, etc.) that even their few works with true "official titles" still are handled under CSG. These tend to be those pre-twentieth century composers who also have comprehensive works catalogs available for all of their works.

CSG has been designed to try to provide a framework for just about any possible classical work, assuming it falls within the guidelines described above. However, there is a huge amount of music out there. Should you find a work to which CSG would apply, but some aspect of the work simply does not fit within CSG, do not ignore all rules. Instead, it is suggested that you post a message on the UsersMailingList with "CSG" contained within the subject, providing details about the work as well as why you feel it does not fit within the CSG framework. In this manner, the community of experienced classical editors at MusicBrainz can help you to find a workable solution.

In some rare cases, the nature of a release may present a case in which CSG would normally apply, but using CSG would damage the overall ArtistIntent behind the release. (Example) Please note that though ArtistIntent is always the superior principle within the MusicBrainzPhilosophy, it is not sufficient merely to claim ArtistIntent as reason to disregard CSG. Any time that ArtistIntent is claimed as reason why a particular release is exempt from CSG, please present your reasons for claiming ArtistIntent in the edit notes.

Also note that CSG does override what is written on the liner. This is not contrary to StylePrinciple, though it initially may seem that it is, as the ConsistentOriginalData for a classical release would be the original composition, not the individual release containing a later recording of the work. As CSG only applies when the original composition does not have a specific title provided by the composer, Principle 4 of StylePrinciple is the applicable principle. CSG then becomes the guideline indicated by Principle 4.

The History of CSG

The CSG artist guidelines began in a discussion on the mb-users mailing list in January of 2004. The CSG release title and track title styles began as suggestions within that discussion. CSG continued to develop through December of 2006, when the basic guidelines were locked down as official. Throughout 2007, various discussions on more obscure areas of CSG took place in all possible discussion areas of MusicBrainz. In early 2008, CSG was revamped and rewritten by mb-style with the intent of making it both easier to understand and more comprehensive in its guidance.

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The Guidelines

What constitutes a distinct classical release?

• • STUFF **

What about box sets?

Box sets are subject, first and foremost, to the StrongGuideline principles.

• • STUFF **

Who is the artist for a classical work?

The artist for the release and the tracks should always be set to the composer(s), not the performers or the conductor. If a classical release contains works by multiple composers, the release artist ought to be set to “Various Artists”, not “composer1 & composer 2& composer 3...”.

GUIDELINE CURRENTLY UNDER DEBATE

How to title a classical release?

• • STUFF **

What is the structure for CSG titles?

A CSG title has three distinct sections: the work and opus / catalog identification, the movement identification, and the identification of ornamentation used within the movement.

Classical Work
								▌
Work and Opus	Movement	Ornamentation

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The Work and Opus Identification Framework

Most classical composers have their works contained either within opuses or catalogs. The Work and Opus Identification section of a CSG title identifies a particular work and the catalog or opus identifier to which the work belongs.

Basic structure:

The basic structure of the work and opus section of a CSG title includes the work type, the instrumentation, the key, the scale, and the catalog or opus number.

Work and Opus Identification
								▌
Work Type	Instrumentation	Key	Scale	Catalog / Opus Number

The framework which is to be used is either of the following:

• [ Work Type ] for [Instrumentation ] in [ Key ] [ Scale ], [ Opus Number ]
• [ Work Type ] for [Instrumentation ] in [ Key ] [ Scale ], [ Catalog Identifier and Catalog Number ]

This, then, looks like this:

• Canon for 3 Voices in 1 in C major, K. 553
• Concerto for Bassoon in B-flat major, K. 186e / KV 191
• Concerto for Piano No. 22 in E-flat major, K. 482
• Symphony No. 5 for Orchestra in B-flat major, K. 22
• Trio for Violin, Viola, and Cello in E-flat major, Op. 3

The Work Type ought to always use proper capitalization.

For multiple instruments or voices, the quantities should be indicated using Arabic numerals and not written out. Serial comma style ought to be used for listings of three or more instruments and/or voices.

Connecting words like "for" and "in" ought to be their equivalent correct word in the particular language being used with CSG. ("pour", "für", "en", etc.)

The Key should always be language correct. A list of keys in various languages can be found below. It ought to be always uppercased, unless it is more correct within the language being used that minor Keys be lowercased ("si minore", for example). When keys are written in English, "sharp" and "flat" must always be lowercase and linked to the key with a hyphen ("E-flat"). A reference list of Keys and scales in commonly used languages can be found below.

The Scale ought to always be language correct. The Scale should be properly capitalized or lowercased, depending on which is correct for the language being used with CSG. In English, this means "major" and "minor" must be lowercased. The Scale is not optional - if the Key is indicated, the Scale must be as well.

The Key and the Scale ought to be separated by a space, unless this would be language incorrect. In French, English, Spanish, Italian, and Russian, this means a space is used to separate the two, thus "C major". In German, this means a hyphen is used, thus "C-Dur".

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Advanced structure:

What about numbered works?

Work and Opus Identification
								▌
Work Type	No. (1 & 4)	Instrumentation	No. (2)	Key	Scale	Catalog / Opus Number	No. (3 & 4)

Many composers, in addition to opuses or catalogs, have had their works numbered. The number can identify fall in one of several places, however, depending on just what is being counted.

1. The number may be counting a particular work type, irregardless of instrumentation, in which case it would be inserted between the Work Type and the Instrumentation:
   • Symphony No. 5 for Orchestra in B-flat major, K. 22

1. The number may be counting a particular work type paired with a particular instrumentation, in which case it would be inserted between the Instrumentation and the Key:
   • Concerto for Piano No. 1 in F major, K. 37

1. The number may be counting which work within an opus is being identified, in which case the work number would be added directly after the Catalog or Opus identification:
   • Sonata for Piano in F minor, Op. 2 No. 1
   • 12 German Dances for Orchestra in C major, K. 567 No. 12

1. Normally there will be only one number to a work, though it is possible that you could have a situation such as the 3rd numbered Sonata which also happens to be the first work within an opus:
   • Sonata No. 3 for Piano in F minor, Op. 2 No. 1

"No." is always to be used, never "Nr.", "#", "Number", "N°", etc. The numbers used should always be indicated using Arabic numerals and not spelled out.

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What about named works?

Work and Opus Identification
									▌
Work Type	No. (1 & 4)	Instrumentation	No. (2)	Key	Scale	Catalog / Opus Number	No. (3 & 4)	"Common Name"

• For works with a common name, the common name should be placed after the catalog or opus number. If there is a opus work number present, the common name is placed after that as well. The common name ought to be surrounded by quotation marks of the type correct for the CSG language style being used. If there is more than one common name, within the quotes use a standard ASCII forward slash with a single standard ASCII space on each side ( / ) to separate the names. The common name ought to be capitalized according to the appropriate CapitalizationStandard for that name's language.

• Symphony No. 41 for Orchestra in C major, K. 551 "Jupiter"
• Missa brevis No. 9 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 196b / KV 220 "Spatzenmesse"
• Kantate, BWV 106 "Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit / Actus tragicus"

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What about Variations of other works?

Work and Opus Identification
								▌
Work Type	No. (1 & 4)	Basis Work Composer	Basis Work	Instrumentation	No. (2)	Key	Scale	Catalog / Opus Number	No. (3 & 4)	"Common Name"

Variations can be rather confusing. You're essentially inserting one entire CSG work title into another. Immediately following the Work Type, insert the name of the composer of the work the variation is based upon, then the full CSG title of that work. Note that in addition to the "No." fields which normally can appear, you may also have "No." fields appearing within the basis work, providing for potentially as many as 4 "No."s to appear within the work title.

The structure looks like this:

• [ Work Type ] on [ Basis Work Composer ]: [ Basis Work ] for [Instrumentation ] in [ Key ] [ Scale ], [ Opus Number ] [ No. ]
• [ Work Type ] on [ Basis Work Composer ]: [ Basis Work ] for [Instrumentation ] in [ Key ] [ Scale ], [ Catalog ID and Catalog # ] [ No. ]

and looks like this:

• 6 Variations on Antonio Salieri: La fiera di Venezia: "Mio caro Adone" for Piano in G major, K. 173c / KV 180 No. 3
• 7 Variations on Dutch Traditional: "Wilhelmus van Nassau" for Piano in D major, K. 25 No. 2
• 8 Variations on André Ernest Modeste Grétry: Les mariages samnites: March "Dieu d'amour" for Piano in F major, K. 374c / KV 352

If you the work being imported was composed by the same composer, the [ Basis Work Composer ]: section ought to be omitted, giving:

• [ Work Type ] on [ Basis Work ] for [Instrumentation ] in [ Key ] [ Scale ], [ Opus Number ] [ No. ]
• [ Work Type ] on [ Basis Work ] for [Instrumentation ] in [ Key ] [ Scale ], [ Catalog ID and Catalog # ] [ No. ]

and thus:

• Divertimento on The Fairy's Kiss: IV. Pas de deux
• Symphony on Serenade No. 7 for Orchestra in D major, K. *248b / KV *250 NMA IV/11/7 No. 2 "Haffner": V. Adagio - allegro assai

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What about Modulating Keys, Modes, or Scales?

Some rare works use modulating keys, modes, or scales. In such a case, list both keys, modes, or scales, and use the equivalent translation within the CSG language style being used for the word "to" to connect them. Examples:

• Modulating Prelude for Piano in F major to E minor, K. deest NMA IX/27/2 No. 2

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What about Non-Standard or Non-European Keys, Modes, or Scales?

• For works using non-diatonic scales, such as Persian or Yaman, insert the scale indication before the Key. ("...in Yaman A major")
• For works using diatonic scale modifications such as harmonic or melodic, insert the scale modification indication before the Key (and after the non-diatonic scale name, if needed). ("...in Yaman harmonic A major")
• For works using harmonic mode modifications (augmentation or diminishment), add the modification indication after the Scale. ("...in A major diminished")
• For works using Scales other than major or minor, use them as needed. They ought to be properly capitalized or lowercase, depending upon the name of the scale and the rules within the language being used.
• For works using Keys other than the European half-tone keys, use them as needed. ("...A𝄳 major")

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The Movement Framework

Whereas the Work and Opus Framework identifies a work, the Movement Framework identifies the particular movement within a work. This applies even if the work consists only of a single movement.

As the Movement Framework consists of quite a lot of different types of information, it is most simple to conceptualize not as all the individual parts, but as a collection of sub-frameworks. This is how it will be presented below.

Movement Identification

▌

Work Position

Movement Container

Dramatic Position

Form and Tempo

Vocalization

Common Identification

Role Identification

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Work Position

Movement Identification
							▌
Work Position

This sub-framework defines the particular movement of a multi-movement work.
For single-movement works, this area is left unused (though there can be one exception: see item number 3).

The Work Position is always to be indicated using uppercase Roman numerals, never Arabic numerals. Where a movement is split across several sub-movements within the work, not due to physical demands such as multi-tracking, the lowercase Latin alphabet is used, appending one letter for each sub-movment, beginning with the letter "a". Examples:

• Sonata for Violin (or Flute) & Piano No. 5 in B-flat major, K. 10: I.
• Sonata for Violin (or Flute) & Piano No. 5 in B-flat major, K. 10: II.
• Sonata for Violin (or Flute) & Piano No. 5 in B-flat major, K. 10: III.
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIIa.
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIIb.
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIIc.
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIId.

A reference list of Roman numbers is available below.

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Movement Container

Movement Identification
							▌
Movement Container

The container sub-framework is used most frequently within ecclesiastical works. This area stores the title of the work-within-a-work that identifies the overall movement to which sub-movements belong. Provide the title of the container, followed by a full colon (:). Examples:

• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": Ia. Kyrie:
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": Ib. Kyrie:
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIa. Gloria:
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIb. Gloria:
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIIa. Credo:
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIIb. Credo:
• Mass No. 3 for Soloists, Chorus & Orchestra in C major, K. 66 "Dominicusmesse": IIIc. Credo:

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Dramatic Position

Movement Identification

▌

Dramatic Position

▌

Act

Scene

Song Number

This sub-framework normally is used for operas, though other rarer forms may also have need for these fields. The Dramatic Position section stores the Act, Scene, and/or song number within the overall work. These should always be the Act, Scene, and song number as assigned within the original work. If you have a release which reorders scenes, uses insert arias, or makes other changes to the normal order, do not rename the fields within this section; the original running order indications should be preserved. This also means that, when appendix works are inserted within the work, the Appendix indication should remain.

Act and Scene are always to be indicated using uppercased Roman numerals. The sole exception is for "Scene Ultima".
"Act" and "Scene" should be translated into the correct word for the CSG language style being used.

Song numbers should always be indicated using Arabic numerals. The numbers used should always be indicated using Arabic numerals and not spelled out.
"No." is always to be used, untranslated, and never "Nr.", "#", "Number", "N°", etc.

When multiple Acts or Scenes are spanned within the same (sub)movement, they ought to be indicated using an ASCII hyphen separated by one ASCII space on either side ( - ).

Structure:

• [ Appendix ]. [ Act # ], [ Scene # ]. No. #

In situations where there is an Act, but there is not a Scene, the period ought to be used, omitting the comma:

• [ Appendix ]. [ Act # ]. No. #

Examples:

• Ascanio in Alba, K. 111: Act I, Scene IV
• Così fan tutte ossia La scuola degli amanti, K. *584: Appendix. Act. I, Scene XI No. 15
• Die Entführung aus dem Serail, K. 384: Appendix.
• Il sogno di Scipione, K. 126: Act I. No. 1
• L'oca del Cairo, K. 422: Scene III. No. 1
• La finta semplice, K. 46a / KV 51: Act I, Scene I. No. 1
• Lucio Silla, K. 135: Act III, Scene Ultima

A reference list of Roman numbers is available below.

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Form and Tempo

Movement Identification

▌

Form and Tempo

▌

Form

Tempo

Form Title

▌

Tempo

Tempo Title

This sub-framework stores the form and tempo of a movement.

The Form ought to always have the first word capitalized, with any remaining words capitalized according to the CapitalizationStandard for the language of the form.

Though traditionally Italian tempos have been used, tempos can be any many languages, including French, German, and English. Tempos ought to always have the first word capitalized with any remaining words in a single tempo indication should be capitalized according to the CapitalizationStandard for the language of the tempo. If there is no composer specified tempo for a work, use "(no tempo indication)" without the quotation marks to indicate this absence.

The most basic structure of this sub-framework is:

• [ Form ]. [ Tempo ]

Examples:

• Concerto for Piano No. 13 in C major, K. 387b / KV 415: II. Andante
• Concerto for Piano No. 13 in C major, K. 387b / KV 415: III. Rondeau. Allegro
• Concerto for Bassoon in B-flat major, K. 186e / KV 191: III. Rondeau. Tempo di menuetto

However, many movements change tempo in the middle of the movement, sometimes multiple times. To indicate a tempo change, add the additional tempo(s) after the initial tempo, and connect them using an ASCII hyphen separated by one ASCII space on either side ( - ). Additional tempos ought to be lowercased.

Structure:

• [ Form ]. [ Tempo ] - [ tempo ]

Examples:

• Fugue for Piano in C major, K. 383a / 394: II. Fugue. Andante maestoso - adagio
• Recitative for Tenor and Orchestra in C major, K. 33i / KV 36: Allegro maestoso - andante - maestoso - allegro - andante - maestoso - andante

In rare cases, you may also have a form which has a common title. This should be capitalized according to the CapitalizationStandard for the language of the title, and contained within standard quotation marks. Note, this position is only for forms with titles, not movement titles.

Structure:

• [ Form ]. [ Tempo ] - [ tempo ] "[ Form Title ]"

You may then also have multiple forms within a movement. Add each additional form after the tempo of the prior form and connect them using an ampersand separated by one ASCII space on either side ( & ). The first letter of each additional form should be capitalized, with any additional words within the form capitalized according to the CapitalizationStandard for the language of the form.

Structure:

• [ Form ]. [ Tempo ] - [ tempo ] "[ Form Title ]" & [ Form ]. [ Tempo ] - [ tempo ] "[ Form Title ]"

Examples:

• 3 German Dances for Orchestra in C major, K. 605 No. 3: German Dance & Trio "Die Schlittenfahrt" & Coda
• Sonata for Piano No. 6 in D major, K. 205b / KV 284 "Dürnitz": III. Tema. Andante & Variations I - X & Variation XI. Adagio cantabile & Variation XII. Allegro

In the extreme case that you also have tempos within forms which themselves also have titles, the tempo title should be capitalized according to the CapitalizationStandard for the language of the title, and contained within standard quotation marks. It is to be positioned immediately following that specific tempo, and, if that tempo is followed by another tempo, positioned prior to the connecting hyphen.

Structure:

• [ Form ]. [ Tempo ] "[ Tempo Title ]" - [ tempo ] "[ Tempo Title ]" "[ Form Title ]" & [ Form ]. [ Tempo ] "[ Tempo Title ]" - [ tempo ] "[ Tempo Title ]" "[ Form Title ]"

Example:

• Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV. Recitative. Presto - allegro ma non troppo - vivace - adagio cantabile - allegro assai - presto "O Freunde" - allegro assai "Freude, schöner Götterfunken" - alla marcia - allegro assai vivace "Froh, wie seine Sonnen" - andante maestoso "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!" - adagio ma non troppo, ma divoto "Ihr, stürzt nieder" - allegro energico, sempre ben marcato "Freude, schöner Götterfunken" - "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!" - allegro ma non tanto "Freude, Tochter aus Elysium!" - prestissimo "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!"

Note that "Recitative and Aria" and "Minuet and Trio" each indicate two sub-movements, not a single form. They ought not to be combined within a single Movement Identification.

Special note on tempos: Please do not 'shorten' them. "Allegro" and "Allegro moderato" are not exactly the same thing.

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Vocalization

Movement Identification

▌

Vocalization

This sub-framework identifies which voice parts sing within a vocal work.

Each voice part should be proper cased. Where more than one of a voice part is indicated, Arabic numerals are to be used.

Voice parts should be ordered starting with the highest pitch and moving to the lowest. A reference list is available below.

Structure:

• ([ voicepart1 ], [ voicepart1 ]... )

Examples:

• Notturno for 3 Voices and 3 Basset Horns in F major, K. 436: Andante. (2 Sopranos, Bass)
• Kyrie for 4 Voices & Organ (in Figured Bass) in D minor, K. 90: (no tempo indication). (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass)

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Common Identification

Movement Identification
									▌
Common Identification
									▌
Libretto	Common Title

This sub-framework is used for one of two purposes. It either stores the libretto or it stores the common title of the movement.

To clarify on the movement common title:

• It is not the work's common title. Even in a single-movement song, the title of that song is the work title, not the movement title. The correct position for the work title is described in the Work and Opus Framework.
• It is not the title of only a single form within a multi-form movement. The correct position for such a title is described in the Form and Tempo sub-framework.
• It is not the title of only a single tempo within a multi-form and/or multi-tempo movement. The correct position for such a title is described in the Form and Tempo sub-framework.
• Be sure not to confuse the Container title with the movement title. The same text is occasionally both titles.

The libretto title and the movement title are mutually exclusive. Where a work does have a movement title, the libretto title should be omitted.

Structure:

• "[ libretto/movement common title ]"

Examples:

• Movement with a libretto only: * Mitridate, rè di Ponto, K. 74a / KV 87: Act I, Scene X. No. 8 Cavata. "Se di lauri il crine adorno" * Canon for 3 Voices in 1 in F major, K. 507: Canon. "Heiterkeit und leichtes Blut" Movement with a libretto only, where the work also has a title: * Song for Solo Voice and Basso continuo in F major, K. 47e / K3 43b / KV 53 "An die Freude": Mäßig. "Freude, Königin der Weisen" * Song for Solo Voice and Piano in D major, K. 125h / KV 148 "Auf die feierliche Johannisloge": Longsam. "O heiliges Band der Freundschaft treuer Brüder" Single-movement work with a libretto and title, libretto omitted due to movement title: * Carol for Female Choir and Piano, EHWV 137 "Christkindleins Wiegenlied": (Sopranos, Altos) "O Jesulein zart"
  • Note: the above example shows an incomplete CSG listing; the key of the work is unknown and unlisted.

  * Kantate, BWV 5 "Wo soll ich fliehen hin": II. Recitativo "Der Sünden Wust hat mich nicht nur befleckt" 
  

  Movement with title, container title, and work title:

  * Requiem in D minor, K. 626 (Süßmayr completion): II. Kyrie: "Kyrie eleison" 
  

  Movement with a title only, Work and Opus framework overridden as there is a composer-assigned work title:

  * Pictures at an Exhibition: IIa. Andante. "The Old Castle" 
  

  Movement with a title and libretto, non-opera Opera special style in effect due to composer-assigned work title, libretto omitted due to movement title:

  * Our Hunting Fathers, Op. 8: IV. "Dance of Death (Hawking for the Partridge)" 
  

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Role Identification

Movement Identification
									▌
Role Identification

This sub-framework identifies which roles perform within a vocal work. Each role name ought to be properly capitalized as a name; non-proper named roles such as Chor, Coro, Choir, Servants, etc ought to be proper cased. Named characters ought to be completely listed before groups (such as "Coro") are listed. Where multiple roles appear, the roles ought to be ordered alphabetically by the first letter of the role name, not the last name: Alice Smith, Fred, Tom Brown, Chorus

Structure:

• ([ role1, role2, role3... ])

Examples:

• Così fan tutte ossia La scuola degli amanti, K. 588: Act II, Scene Ultima No. 31 Finale. Allegro molto "Fortunato l'uom che prende" (Despina, Don Alfonso, Dorabella, Fiordiligi, Ferrando, Guglielmo, Chor)
• Il dissoluto punito, ossia il Don Giovanni, K. 527: Act I, Scene VII. No. 5 Coro "Giovinette, che fate all'amore" (Zerlina, Coro)
• Le nozze di Figaro, K. 492: Act II, Scene II. Recitativo. "Bravo! che bella voce!" (Cherubino, La Contessa, Susanna)

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What about Insert Arias and other dual-catalogued works?

Movement Identification

▌

Work Position

Movement Container

Dramatic Position

Form and Tempo

Vocalization

Common Identification

Role Identification

Dual catalogued works

In some rare cases, most frequently with insert arias to operas, you will find works which appear within the same catalog twice. These present a sticky problem; if they are listed as the individual catalog listing, they will make the release appear to have an unrelated work inserted within it. In such a case, after the Role Identification sub-framework, append an additional sub-framework for the secondary movement catalog number.

Structure:

• movement catalog number

Examples:

• Collaboratively composed opera, only the single movement bears the catalog number: * Der Stein der Weisen: Act II. Duett. "Nun, liebes Weibchen" (Lubanara, Lubano) [K. 592a / KV 625] Insert aria contained both within the appendix to the opera and separately cataloged: * Il dissoluto punito, ossia il Don Giovanni, K. 527: Anhang. Act I, Scene XIV. No. 10a Aria. "Dalla sua pace" (Don Ottavio) [K. 540a]

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The Ornamentation Framework

Classical Work
								▌
Work and Opus	Movement	Ornamentation

Ornamentation presents a difficult problem. These are works specifically intended to be inserted into other works. Therefore, to list them as we normally would list a track containing two works, using a / to separate the works, would unintentionally present the appearance that there are two separate works on the track, not a single work which contains the second work.

Therefore, when Ornamentation, or its sub-types, Cadences, Cadenzas, and Eingänge appear, the following form is to used:

• ([ Type ]: [ Composer ], [ Catalog or Opus Number ] [ Work Number within the Opus or Catalog Number ], [ Version ])

Examples:

• (Cadenza: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 626aI/31 / KV 624/9, Version A)
• (Cadence: Ludwig van Beethoven, WoO 58 No. 2)
• (Eingänge: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 626aI/55)
• (Ornamentation Cadenza: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 293e / KV deest)
• (Trumpet and Drum Ornamentation: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 370a / KV deest)

Note that, as ornamentation is by definition interchangeable, only the ornamentation framework will be listed within works lists. How to apply ornamentation to track titles is covered in Applying CSG Titles to Tracks.

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Special Frameworks

Special Framework under CSG for Da capos and Dal segnos

		File:dalsegno.png	File:coda.png
Da capo	Segno	Dal segno	Coda

Da capos come in three common variations:

• Da capo

• Repeat the specified section of the work.

• Da capo al fine

• Repeat the entire work.

• Da capo al segno

• Repeat from the beginning through to the segno sign.

Dal segnos come in two common variations:

• Dal segno al Coda

• Repeat from the segno to the coda sign then play the coda.

• Dal segno al Fine

• Repeat from the segno through to the end of the work.

These are commonly found accompanying Minuets, Trios, and at the end of Serenades.

• • How do we handle them? ** ** STUFF **

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Special Framework under CSG for Operas

Operas are handled a bit differently than other works. Were they to be formatted using the standard structure, a large amount of redundant information would be added to the title, making it appear cluttered rather than structured.

In a title for an opera, the Movement and Ornamentation frameworks follow the standard structure described above. However, the Work and Opus framework is restructured.

Opera Work and Opus Identification
				▌
Opera Name	Catalog / Opus Number	No. (3)

Note that this is almost the same as the standard Movement framework, except that most of that framework's structure is unused. The sole structural difference between the Opera Work and Opus framework and the standard Work and Opus framework is that instead of:

• , K. 492 "Le nozze di Figaro"
• , Op. 8 Our Hunting Fathers

this special structure instead creates:

• Le nozze di Figaro, K. 492
• Our Hunting Fathers, Op. 8

Note as well that in the Opera special framework, the opera's name is not enclosed within quotation marks.

It is also worth mentioning again that in the Dramatic Position section of the Movement framework, though "Act" and "Scene" should be translated into the correct word for the CSG language style being used, "No." should not be translated.

Ballet Music

Ballet music normally falls well within the normal CSG structure. However, in some rare cases, it can present difficulties. At one time, short ballets were performed between the acts of operas and other similar musical theater presentations. While most of these have not survived, some rare ones have, and continue to be performed and recorded today.

When such a work is encountered, should the normal CSG structure fail to well fit the work, the special Opera style described above may be used in conjunction with the special style for Variations of Other Works, prefixing the music with "Ballet Music for" in the CSG language style being used for the work.

Example:

• The listing for the opera would be: * Idomeneo, rè di Creta, K. 366 The listing for the ballet music composed for that opera, thus would be: * Ballet Music for Idomeneo, rè di Creta, K. 366, in B-flat major, K. 367: III. Passepied

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Special Framework under CSG for Variations within Movements

Variations can potentially lead to needlessly long titles. Rather than include each and every variation, where variations do not have tempo changes, link them with a hyphen ( - ). Example:

• Sonata for Piano No. 6 in D major, K. 205b / KV 284 "Dürnitz": III. Tema. Andante & Variations I - X & Variation XI. Adagio cantabile & Variation XII. Allegro

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Work Condition or Version Information

Well-known works will rarely need much, if any additional information to be provided. Some more obscure works, however, may need such information - identifications such as "Appendix", "fragment", "sketch", "original version", "spurious", "doubtful", completion-related information, etc.

Such information may be located in one of two places.

The first has already been described, in the Dramatic Position section, and indicates that a movement of a theatrical work is part of the appendix, not part the normal running of the theatrical work.

Work and Opus Identification
									▌
Work Type	No. (1 & 4)	Instrumentation	No. (2)	Key	Scale	Catalog / Opus Number	No. (3 & 4)	(Work Condition / Version Note)	"Common Name"

The second is not included directly as part of any one framework, as such version or work condition information may apply to an entire work, or it may apply only to a single movement within a work. It may be that the entire work is considered spurious, or it may be that one movement from a work has only survived as a fragment. Whichever is the case, when such information needs to be included, we ask that you keep it as short as possible, include it within parenthesis, and place it between the Numbered work of a Work Catalog / Opus Number section and the Common Name section within the Work and Opus Framework.

Except where names are involved, all such note information should be lowercased.

Examples:

• Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in D major, K. 271i / K2 271a / KV K2271a (doubtful): I. Allegro maestoso
• Sonata for Keyboard with 4 Hands in G major, K. 497a/KV 357/1 (Julius André completion): Allegro
• Suite for Piano in C major, K. 385i / 399 Fr 1782i (5.5 measure fragment): IV. Sarabande
• Symphony No. 3 for Orchestra in E-flat major, K. Anh A 51 / K3 Anh 109i / KV 18 (spurious): I. Molto allegro

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Punctuation Within CSG Titles

Standard ASCII punctuation should always be used for the space , the full-colon :, the semi-colon ;, the hyphen-minus -, single quotation marks ' ', double quotation marks " ", parenthesis ( ), square braces [ ], commas ,, periods ., and all other punctuation with a CSG title.

GUIDELINE CURRENTLY UNDER DEBATE

If French CSG is being used, the additional punctuation spacing rules of CapitalizationStandardFrench also apply.

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Applying CSG Titles to Tracks

Because of the FundamentalMismatchOfMusicBrainzEntitiesAndReality, you will find one of three cases when using CSG titles:

1. Each movement (or work, for single-movement works) has its own track: Use the movement or work title as the track title. Example:
   • Canon for 3 Voices in 1 in F major, K. 507: Canon. "Heiterkeit und leichtes Blut"

1. A track includes two or more movements (or single-movement works): Use a standard ASCII forward slash with a single standard ASCII space on each side ( / ) to separate the works. Where each movement is from the same overall work, the work identification ought to be omitted where it would be redundant. If the works are by different composers, TracksWithMultipleArtists would apply as normal. Examples:
   • Canon for 3 Voices in 1 in F major, K. 507: Canon. "Heiterkeit und leichtes Blut" / Canon for 3 Voices in 1 in F major, K. 508: Canon. "Auf das Wohl aller Freunde"
   • Symphony No. 41 in C major, K. 551 "Jupiter": I. Allegro vivace / II. Andante cantable
   • Symphony No. 38 in D major, K. 504 "Prague": II. Andante / Johann Sebastian Bach - Suite für Violoncello solo No. 6 D-Dur, BWV 1012: Courante

1. A single movement (or single-movement work) is split across two or more tracks: List the movement in each track as if it were the entire movement. In the Work Position area of each track, append a hyphen and lowercase Roman numeral to indicate which part of the split teach track is. If the movement is a single-movement work without a movement indication, omit the hyphen. Examples:
   1. A split single-movement work:
      1. Canon for 3 Voices in 1 in F major, K. 507: i. Canon. "Heiterkeit und leichtes Blut"
      2. Canon for 3 Voices in 1 in F major, K. 507: ii. Canon. "Heiterkeit und leichtes Blut"

1. 1. Multi-movement work with a split movement:
      1. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-i. Recitative. Presto - allegro ma non troppo - vivace - adagio cantabile
      2. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-ii. Allegro assai - presto "O Freunde" - allegro assai "Freude, schöner Götterfunken"
      3. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-iii. Alla marcia - allegro assai vivace "Froh, wie seine Sonnen"
      4. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-iv. Andante maestoso "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!"
      5. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-v. Adagio ma non troppo, ma divoto "Ihr, stürzt nieder"
      6. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-v. Allegro energico, sempre ben marcato "Freude, schöner Götterfunken"
      7. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-vi. "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!"
      8. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-vii. Allegro ma non tanto "Freude, Tochter aus Elysium!"
      9. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral": IV-viii. Prestissimo "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!"

1. 1. Multi-movement work with a split sub-movement:
      1. Requiem in D minor, K. 626 (Süßmayr completion): IIIe-i. Sequenz: "Confutatis"
      2. Requiem in D minor, K. 626 (Süßmayr completion): IIIe-ii. Sequenz: "Confutatis"
      3. Requiem in D minor, K. 626 (Süßmayr completion): IIIe-iii. Sequenz: "Confutatis"

How to Apply Ornamentation to Track Titles:

The proper style for ornamentation is listed within the Ornamentation Framework. As defined there, ornamentation works are to be listed as:

• (Cadenza: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 626aI/31 / KV 624/9, Version A)
• (Cadence: Ludwig van Beethoven, WoO 58 No. 2)

To list such ornamentation within a track title, if only one ornamentation work is used, simply append it to the end of the track title. Examples:

• Concerto for Piano No. 12 in A major, K. 385p / K3 386a / KV 414: II. Andante (Cadenza: K. 626aI/31 / KV 624/9, Version A)
• Concerto for Piano No. 20 in D minor, K. 466: III. Rondo. Allegro assai (Cadence: Ludwig van Beethoven, WoO 58 No. 2)

When applying ornamentation to a track title, omit redundant information. Thus, note in the above example, "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" was omitted, as he was also the composer of the work being ornamented, while "Ludwig van Beethoven" was retained, as he was not the composer of the work being ornamented.

To list multiple ornamentation works for the same track, append them as Ornamentation, Cadenza, Eingänge, and separate them with a semi-colon separated on each side by one ASCII space ( ; ). Again, omit redundant information. Examples:

• Concerto for Violin and Orchestra No. 1 in B-flat major, K. 207: I. Allegro moderato (Cadenzas: Jean-Delphin Alard; Martin Wulfhorst; Eingänge: Jean-Delphin Alard; Martin Wulfhorst)
• Concerto for French Horn No. 2 in E-flat major, K. 417: II. Andante (Eingänge: Timothy Brown; Dominic Nunns)
• Concerto for Piano No. 18 in B-flat major, K. 456 "Paradis": I. Allegro vivace (Cadenzas: K. 626aI/52 / KV deest, Version A; K. 626aI/54 / KV 624/27, Version C; Eingänge: K. 626aI/55)

All tracks containing ornamentation by composers other than the composer of the ornamented work ought to also be added to the listing in TracksWithMultipleArtists.

The Release Language for a Classical Release

The Release Language setting for a release should reflect the language used for the CSG titles. It does not reflect the language spoken or sung on the release, nor any of the specific languages found on the liner for any given release of the same recording.

What Advanced Relationships (ARs) ought to always be set for a classical release?

When adding a classical release, you are encouraged, as always, to set all ARs possible. However, even if you don't set any other ARs, we do ask that you always set the performer, conductor, and chorus master ARs for each work. If a release you are adding includes arrangements of classical works, please also always set the arranger AR.

Reasoning: For any given classical release, it is quite likely that there are several other releases containing the same works in the same order; if these basic ARs are not set, the release is essentially a 'blank' listing. Such unidentified 'blank' listings have a bad tendency to become full of PUIDs, TRMs, CD TOCs, and other data from a range of unrelated releases. Setting these basic identifying ARs allows the users of the database to identify that the releaser you are adding is not, in fact, the one that they want, both avoiding inaccurate data being added, and potentially leading to more releases being added, both of which benefit the data-health of the database.

At the release level or at the track level?

While there will always be those ARs which do belong at the release level, performer, composer, conductor, chorus master, and other related ARs should always be set at the track level if you have sufficient data to be able to be that specific. If an artist performs on all tracks, please set such ARs on all tracks rather than just setting a single AR for the release.

Resources

Keys and scales in commonly used languages

English	French	German	Italian	Russian	Spanish
A major	La majeur	A-Dur	La maggiore	Ля мажор	La mayor
A-flat major	La bémol majeur	As-Dur	La bemolle maggiore	Ля диез мажор	La bemol mayor
A-sharp major	La dièse majeur	Ais-Moll	La diesis maggiore	Ля бемоль мажор	La sostenido mayor
A minor	la mineur	a-Moll	la minore	Ля минор	la menor
A-flat minor	la bémol mineur	as-Moll	la bemolle minore	Ля диез минор	la bemol menor
A-sharp minor	la dièse mineur	ais-Moll	la diesis minore	Ля бемоль минор	la sostenido menor
B major	Si majeur	H-Dur	Si maggiore	Си мажор	Si mayor
B-flat major	Si bémol majeur	B-Dur	Si bemolle maggiore	Си бемоль мажор	Si bemol mayor
B-sharp major	Si dièse majeur	His-Dur	Si diesis maggiore	Си диез мажор	Si sostenido mayor
B minor	si mineur	h-Moll	si minore	Си минор	si menor
B-flat minor	si bémol mineur	b-Moll	si bemolle minore	Си бемоль минор	si bemol menor
B-sharp minor	si dièse mineur	his-Moll	si diesis minore	Си диез минор	si sostenido menor
C major	Ut majeur	C-Dur	Do maggiore	До мажор	Do mayor
C-flat major	Ut bémol majeur	Ces-Dur	Do bemolle maggiore	До бемоль мажор	Do bemol mayor
C-sharp major	Ut dièse majeur	Cis-Dur	Do diesis maggiore	До диез мажор	Do sostenido mayor
C minor	ut mineur	c-Moll	do minore	До минор	do menor
C-flat minor	ut bémol mineur	ces-Moll	do bemolle minore	До бемоль минор	do bemol menor
C-sharp minor	ut dièse mineur	cis-Moll	do diesis minore	До диез минор	do sostenido menor
D major	Ré majeur	D-Dur	Re maggiore	Ре мажор	Re mayor
D-flat major	Ré bémol majeur	Des-Dur	Re bemolle maggiore	Ре бемоль мажор	Re bemol mayor
D-sharp major	Ré dièse majeur	dis-Dur	Re diesis maggiore	Ре диез мажор	Re sostenido mayor
D minor	ré mineur	d-Moll	re minore	Ре минор	re menor
D-flat minor	ré bémol mineur	des-Moll	re bemolle minore	Ре бемоль минор	re bemol menor
D-sharp minor	ré dièse mineur	dis-Moll	re diesis minore	Ре диез минор	re sostenido menor
E major	Mi majeur	E-Dur	Mi maggiore	Ми мажор	Mi mayor
E-flat major	Mi bémol majeur	Es-Dur	Mi bemolle maggiore	Ми бемоль мажор	Mi bemol mayor
E-sharp major	Mi dièse majeur	Eis-Dur	Mi diesis maggiore	Ми диез мажор	Mi sostenido mayor
E minor	mi mineur	e-Moll	mi minore	Ми минор	mi menor
E-flat minor	mi bémol mineur	es-Moll	mi bemolle minore	Ми бемоль минор	mi bemol menor
E-sharp minor	mi dièse mineur	eis-Moll	mi diesis minore	Ми диез минор	mi sostenido menor
F major	Fa majeur	F-Dur	Fa maggiore	Фа мажор	Fa mayor
F-flat major	Fa bémol majeur	Fes-Dur	Fa bemolle maggiore	Фа бемоль мажор	Fa bemol mayor
F-sharp major	Fa dièse majeur	Fis-Dur	Fa diesis maggiore	Фа диез мажор	Fa sostenido mayor
F minor	fa mineur	f-Moll	fa minore	Фа минор	fa menor
F-flat minor	fa bémol mineur	fes-Moll	fa bemolle minore	Фа бемоль минор	fa bemol menor
F-sharp minor	fa dièse mineur	fis-Moll	fa diesis minore	Фа диез минор	fa sostenido menor
G major	Sol majeur	G-Dur	Sol maggiore	Соль мажор	Sol mayor
G-flat major	Sol bémol majeur	Ges-Dur	Sol bemolle maggiore	Соль бемоль мажор	Sol bemol mayor
G-sharp major	Sol dièse majeur	Gis-Dur	Sol diesis maggiore	Соль диез мажор	Sol sostenido mayor
G minor	sol mineur	g-Moll	sol minore	Соль минор	sol menor
G-flat minor	sol bémol mineur	ges-Moll	sol bemolle minore	Соль бемоль минор	sol bemol menor
G-sharp minor	sol dièse mineur	gis-Moll	sol diesis minore	Соль диез минор	sol sostenido menor

Roman numerals from 0 to 125

CSG uses the simplified Roman numerals system. While no work is ever actually expected to have a sufficient number of works for it to matter, should a work with 499 or more movements ever be written, movement 499 would be indicated as ID, not CDXCIX, LDVLIV, XDIX, or VDIV.

0	N	21	XXI	42	XLII	63	LXIII	84	LXXXIV	105	CV
1	I	22	XXII	43	XLIII	64	LXIV	85	LXXXV	106	CVI
2	II	23	XXIII	44	XLIV	65	LXV	86	LXXXVI	107	CVII
3	III	24	XXIV	45	XLV	66	LXVI	87	LXXXVII	108	CVIII
4	IV	25	XXV	46	XLVI	67	LXVII	88	LXXXVIII	109	CIX
5	V	26	XXVI	47	XLVII	68	LXVIII	89	LXXXIX	110	CX
6	VI	27	XXVII	48	XLVIII	69	LXIX	90	XC	111	CXI
7	VII	28	XXVIII	49	XLIX	70	LXX	91	XCI	112	CXII
8	VIII	29	XXIX	50	L	71	LXXI	92	XCII	113	CXIII
9	IX	30	XXX	51	LI	72	LXXII	93	XCIII	114	CXIV
10	X	31	XXXI	52	LII	73	LXXIII	94	XCIV	115	CXV
11	XI	32	XXXII	53	LIII	74	LXXIV	95	XCV	116	CXVI
12	XII	33	XXXIII	54	LIV	75	LXXV	96	XCVI	117	CXVII
13	XIII	34	XXXIV	55	LV	76	LXXVI	97	XCVII	118	CXVIII
14	XIV	35	XXXV	56	LVI	77	LXXVII	98	XCVIII	119	CXIX
15	XV	36	XXXVI	57	LVII	78	LXXVIII	99	XCIX	120	CXX
16	XVI	37	XXXVII	58	LVIII	79	LXXIX	100	C	121	CXXI
17	XVII	38	XXXVIII	59	LIX	80	LXXX	101	CI	122	CXXII
18	XVIII	39	XXXIX	60	LX	81	LXXXI	102	CII	123	CXXIII
19	XIX	40	XL	61	LXI	82	LXXXII	103	CIII	124	CXXIV
20	XX	41	XLI	62	LXII	83	LXXXIII	104	CIV	125	CXXV

While it is quite true that the original Roman numeral system did not have a zero, fortunately, in those rare cases where a Roman zero is needed, just such a numeral indicaton was added to the simplified roman numeral system in 725 AD.

Vocal Classifications

Ordered from highest pitched to lowest pitched:

1. Soprano
2. Castrato
3. Sopranist
4. Dugazon
5. Falcon
6. Mezzo-soprano
7. Alto I
8. Alto II
9. Haute-contre
10. Countertenor
11. Contralto
12. Tenor I
13. Tenor II
14. Baritenor
15. Baritone
16. Bass-baritone
17. Bass
18. Contrabass